Plastics are among the most versatile materials on the planet, but humanity’s propensity to misuse single-use plastic items like straws and flatware has become an environmental threat. That’s where bioresin comes in — slowly.
Hemp bioplastics
The biggest change to the bioresin manufacturing industry is the introduction, or reintroduction, of hemp bioplastics. Hemp grows exceedingly fast and contains 65-70% biomass – more than enough to convert into bioplastics. It also absorbs massive amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere during growth. Creating hemp plastics utilises a lot of the waste left over after the ‘cash crops’ (hemp hearts and CBD oil) are harvested.
Each year, innovations in hemp plastic technology hit the market and many companies are incorporating hemp plastics into their products. Hemp is proving to be a clean alternative to the highly polluting plastics that are damaging our environment. There are various types of hemp plastic; here, we will briefly take you through how these plastics are produced.
Why is there a need for an alternative to plastics?
There is no doubt that we are experiencing a major environmental crisis that takes many forms. Human beings have followed a non-sustainable development model for which we are now suffering the consequences. The already perceptible change in climate, the significant loss of biodiversity and, of course, the pollution of the soil, the air and the seas are some examples of the damage we have caused to our environment.
Take our seas and oceans, for example, which we have turned into a gigantic repository of rubbish that threatens marine ecosystems. According to Greenpeace, every second more than 200 kilos of plastic are dumped into the world’s oceans and seas, which is equivalent to more than 8 million tonnes of plastic waste a year.
In addition, more than 1 million seabirds and over 100,000 marine mammals die annually because of the damage caused by plastic, chemical and oil waste to the marine environment. Although some of these residues, which accounts for 80% of all sea pollution, can degrade and disappear in just over six months, many others take several hundred years to do so.
Meanwhile, plastic waste, including “microplastics”, leaves a great deal of air, sea and land pollution. A team of scientists recently demonstrated that these microplastics are dispersed through the air and reach remote natural areas, with concentration levels similar to those found in large cities.
International governments and environmental organizations have already begun to act to stop this serious global ecological threat. However, the targets set in the various international agreements for 2030 and 2050 seem somewhat unattainable for many countries and regions.
We need urgent measures to stop plastic pollution, and each of us must try to do our part to innovate, change mentalities and respect the environment. Our lives and future depend on it.
Hemp: A raw material returns from the past
Hemp is the plant that has the potential to help us reinvent the future of plastic and other materials. It is a clean, ecological, sustainable and renewable alternative. And it can replace the use of polluting materials in the production of goods in many fields, such as construction, automobiles, fashion, design, sports, and many others.
But hemp is not a new resource that responds to a specific ecological trend. Hemp is a raw material that returns from the past to help us rethink the future. For millennia, it has been used for its nutritional properties and multiple health benefits, and it has served as a raw material for countless products such as food, textiles, and medicines.
Hemp is among the crops that creates more biodiversity in its surroundings. Its cultivation allows us to obtain at low cost three raw materials: the seeds, the fibre and the pulp. Fibre has always been the most used for its excellent qualities, as it is the most resistant, absorbent and durable fibre of vegetable origin.
Reinventing the future of hemp plastics
It is becoming increasingly easy to find products aimed at various sectors made from vegetable fibres, such as flax, coconut and, of course, hemp. The aim is to replace the polluting materials that have been produced for decades. As we have said, hemp can replace many of these materials, such as plastics, thus helping reduce pollution worldwide.
The use of hemp not only entails an ecological benefit. It also improves the quality and performance of the products containing it. For instance, hemp fibre has long been used, instead of fibreglass, to make surfboards as it makes them much lighter, more flexible and resistant, and gives them sensational grip and buoyancy.
Thus, with increasing frequency each year, innovations in hemp plastic technology come onto the market. Today, even some of the largest automobile companies such as BMW, Mercedes and Bugatti incorporate hemp plastics in their products. The latest Porsche model, for instance, the 718 Cayman GT4, incorporates hemp fibre panels manufactured by the Dutch company Hempflax.
In short, bioplastic materials, including hemp, offer significant advantages for the environment. Because they are not made from fossil fuels, they do not produce carbon dioxide when decomposed. In addition, most of them are biodegradable. Everything indicates that they could be a very important part of solving the climate crisis.
5 types of hemp bioplastics and how they are used
1. Hemp cellulose
Cellulose is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth, and is an integral part of the cell walls of plants and many algae species. Although cellulose is mainly used to make paper, it is also used to make a wide range of different plastics, including celluloid, cellophane and rayon.
The first plastics were made from organic and non-synthetic materials, and cellulose was then a key element in the nascent plastics industry. Today, bioplastics have again attracted great interest for their diverse environmental benefits.
2. Cellophane, rayon and celluloid
Both cellophane and rayon are classified as regenerated cellulose fibres, and are similarly produced to make cellophane film or rayon fibre.
Celluloid is obtained by producing nitrocellulose (cellulose nitrate) first, which is mixed with camphor, a widely used plasticizer, to yield a dense, solid thermoplastic that can be easily moulded when heated.
Hemp cellulose can be extracted and used to make cellophane, rayon, celluloid and a variety of related plastics. Hemp is known to contain around 65-70% cellulose, and is considered a good promising source, largely due to its relative sustainability and low environmental impact. By comparison, wood contains around 40% cellulose, flax 65-75% and cotton up to 90%.
Hemp grows faster than most tree species, and requires fewer pesticides than cotton or flax. However, a significant amount of fertilizer is required when grown in some soils, and it also needs a relatively large amount of water.
3. Other products made from hemp cellulose
Cellulose can be used to manufacture a wide range of plastics and related substances. The difference in physical properties is largely due to the length of the polymer chains and the degree of crystallization.
Cellulose is extracted from hemp and other fibre crops using different methods. The raw pulp can be hydrolysed, i.e. separated into its component parts by adding water at 50-90° C. It can also be immersed in a weak acid solution to separate the crystalline sections from the amorphous ones, thereby producing cellulose nanocrystals.
Extra heat and pressure can also be applied to it to produce an interesting form known as nanocellulose. This is a “pseudo plastic” that resembles a viscous gel under normal conditions, and becomes more liquid when agitated or stressed.
Nanocellulose or microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) has a wide variety of potential applications. It can be used as a reinforcing material in plastic compounds and as a highly absorbent agent to clean up oil spills or oil slicks. It can also be used to manufacture sanitary products, and as a low-calorie stabilizer in food technology.
